INTRODUCTION: To determine the correlation between Neck Disability Index (NDI) and nomophobia, nomophobia and hand grip strength, and the impact of neck disability on hand grip strength in college-going female students.
METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was carried out involving 150 university students between the ages of 18 to 25. Data were collected using the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), hand grip measured with a dynamometer, and Cervical Range of Motion-Flexion (CROM-F) measured with a goniometer.
RESULTS: The Spearman correlation analysis showed a strong positive correlation between NDI and CROM-F (ρ = 0.745, p < 0.001). A moderate positive correlation between screen time and NMP-Q score (ρ = 0.288, p < 0.001) and screen time and NDI (ρ = 0.254, p = 0.002) suggests that increased screen time is associated with a higher NDI score. A weak positive but not statistically significant correlation between NMP-Q and NDI (ρ = 0.134, p = 0.103) was seen, meaning musculoskeletal discomfort does not strongly correlate with neck disability. Grip strength does not significantly correlate with screen time, musculoskeletal discomfort, neck disability, or CROM-F.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Increased screen time is strongly associated with higher neck disability scores as well as greater musculoskeletal pain. There is a significant correlation between CROM-F and NDI Score, indicating that postural changes increase impairment. Screen time, NMP-Q score, and NDI score do not significantly correlate with grip strength.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess the relationship between levels of social media addiction and body image anxiety and body esteem among young adults aged 19-25 who use social media.
METHODS: In this descriptive study, young adults were administered a questionnaire including sociodemographic information, eating disorder risk questions, Social Media Addiction Scale (SMA), Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS), and Body Esteem Scale (BES).
RESULTS: The mean daily time spent on social media by 385 young adults participating in the study was found to be 3.29±1.75 hours. The study revealed that 47.5% (n=183) of the participants only followed content, while 52.4% (n=202) shared images. It was found that 9.9% (n=38) of the young adults frequently shared selfies. Women had higher SAAS scores (40.27±15.91) compared to men (33.09±14.47) (p<0.001). A moderate positive significant correlation was found between daily social media usage time and SMAS (r=0.422, p<0.001) and between SAAS and SMAS (r=0.427, p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The study revealed that gender differences did not affect social media addiction, but that social media addiction increased as daily social media use increased. Appearance anxiety increased as social media addiction scores rose, and women experienced higher appearance anxiety than men.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to investigate the relationship between medication use, polypharmacy, and frailty in individuals aged 65 and over who present to primary health care centers in the Yenimahalle district of Ankara, Türkiye.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in three Family Health Centers with a total of 300 elderly participants. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, Fried’s Frailty Phenotype Scale (FFS), Gait Speed Test (GST), and the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). Medications were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) system. Statistical analysis included Chi-square, Spearman correlation, and multivariate logistic regression.
RESULTS: Among participants, 46.3% met the criteria for polypharmacy (≥5 medications). The overall frailty prevalence was 67.3%, and 63.8% of frail individuals had polypharmacy. A positive correlation was found between the total medication count and Fried frailty scores (ρ = 0.730; p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that polypharmacy (OR: 3.63) and poor physical performance on the TUG test (OR: 3.50) were independent risk factors for frailty
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The study highlights a significant association between polypharmacy and frailty in older adults. Routine medication reviews and frailty screenings in primary care settings may help improve geriatric health outcomes and reduce frailty-related complications.

INTRODUCTION: Iron drugs are frequently prescribed in primary care for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia, while parenteral drugs are used in patients with malabsorption or intolerance to oral drugs. Gastrointestinal side effects are common after oral iron, whereas hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) may occur less frequently but with both oral and parenteral drugs.
METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 39 adult patients (2021–2024) referred to the Immunology and Allergic Diseases Clinic with suspected iron drug allergy. Clinical features, reaction severity, and results of alternative or diagnostic drug provocation tests (DPTs) were analyzed.
RESULTS: The study included 36 females and 3 males, with a median age of 40 years (range 20–77). Initial reactions were IgE-mediated HSRs in 82% and non-allergic side effects in 18%. Most IgE-mediated HSRs (79%) were mild (Grade 1), with 12% classified as severe (Grade 3). The most frequently suspected drug was iron carboxymaltose (43.6%). DPTs were performed with alternative iron drugs in 82% and for diagnostic purposes in 18% of cases. Negative results were obtained in 87% of DPTs, while 13% were positive; all positive reactions were mild (Grade 1) and most commonly associated with iron carboxymaltose. Desensitization with iron carboxymaltose was successfully performed in three patients without alternative treatment options.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although non-allergic side effects are more common, IgE-mediated HSRs to iron drugs remain a clinically significant concern due to their potential severity, including rare anaphylaxis. Cutaneous symptoms were the most frequent presentation. Any skin manifestations during iron therapy should prompt discontinuation of the drug and referral to an allergy specialist for further evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: Future anxiety is a common mental health issue, especially among young people and medical students, and is influenced by various factors. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties, including the validity and reliability, of the Turkish adaptation of the Dark Future Scale in a sample of intern medical students.
METHODS: This study, employing a methodological design, was implemented from June 1 to December 30, 2022, with 301 intern physicians at Ankara Yýldýrým Beyazýt University. The validity of the scale was assessed using content and construct validity, convergent and criterion-related validity, along with item-total correlation analysis. The reliability of the scale was evaluated through item-total correlation analysis, internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha), and test-retest reliability.
RESULTS: A moderate, positive correlation was observed between the Dark Future Scale and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21, supporting convergent validity. Item-total correlations for the Dark Future Scale ranged from 0.73 to 0.90, with all values statistically significant (p < 0.001). Goodness-of-fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis showed that the construct validity of the Dark Future Scale was at an acceptable level. The scale showed strong reliability, with item-total correlations ranging from 0.73 to 0.90, a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.89, and a test-retest coefficient of 0.94.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results showed that the Dark Future Scale is valid and reliable in medical school students and is an ideal tool to measure future anxiety. The brevity and practicality of the scale make it easy to use in both research and clinical settings.

Previous studies have found that clomiphene citrate (CC), as an infertility medication, may be a significant independent risk factor for the development of depression and has been associated with increased irritability and mood swing. Psychopathological complaints can occur through the mechanism of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis. While studies of CC in bipolar patients are still lacking, a few reports linked it to exacerbations of prior psychiatric disorders. A case of an adult female who had 7 years of secondary infertility because of endometriosis and a history of bipolar mixed episode, with almost a year of remission, was reported. After 5 days of oral CC for ovulation induction, there was a rapid mood alteration and insomnia on the seventh day, which led to a hypomanic and depressive episode relapse. A clinical case of a bipolar I disorder patient receiving ovarian stimulation with CC to conceive supported this case report, and the relapse symptoms were mild reactive mood swings with no alteration in sleeping pattern. Ovarian stimulation with CC for bipolar women still needs to be approached with caution. Successful management is greatly influenced by the involvement and collaboration care with different specialties. One therapeutic approach could be the prescription of second-generation antipsychotics as mood stabilizers.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is commonly encountered in primary care and is usually associated with inadequate dietary intake. Although intramuscular replacement therapy is widely used, it may rarely lead to dermatological adverse effects, particularly acneiform eruptions. In this report, we present a 26-year-old female patient who applied to a family medicine outpatient clinic and received intramuscular cyanocobalamin therapy for five consecutive days due to vitamin B12 deficiency. In the second week of treatment, non-pruritic papulopustular eruptions developed, initially on the back and chest and later spreading to the face and neck. The clinical findings were consistent with an acneiform eruption induced by vitamin B12 therapy. This case highlights that rare dermatological adverse effects should be considered during the frequent use of vitamin B12 therapy in primary care settings.